1) What is Article 370?
Article 370 of the Indian Constitution is a 'temporary provision' which
grants special autonomous status to Jammu & Kashmir. Under Part XXI
of the Constitution of India, which deals with "Temporary, Transitional
and Special provisions", the state of Jammu & Kashmir has been
accorded special status under Article 370. All the provisions of the
Constitution which are applicable to other states are not applicable to
J&K. For example, till 1965, J&K had a Sadr-e-Riyasat for
governor and prime minister in place of chief minister.
2) History of Article 370
The provision was drafted in 1947 by Sheikh Abdullah, who had by then
been appointed prime minister of Jammu & Kashmir by Maharaja Hari
Singh and Jawahar Lal Nehru. Sheikh Abdullah had argued that Article 370
should not be placed under temporary provisions of the Constitution. He
wanted 'iron clad autonomy' for the state, which Centre didn't comply
with.
3) Provisions of Article 370
According to this article, except for defence, foreign affairs, finance
and communications, Parliament needs the state government's concurrence
for applying all other laws. Thus the state's residents live under a
separate set of laws, including those related to citizenship, ownership
of property, and fundamental rights, as compared to other Indians. As a
result of this provision, Indian citizens from other states cannot
purchase land or property in Jammu & Kashmir. Under Article 370, the
Centre has no power to declare financial emergency under Article 360 in
the state. It can declare emergency in the state only in case of war or
external aggression. The Union government can therefore not declare
emergency on grounds of internal disturbance or imminent danger unless
it is made at the request or with the concurrence of the state
government.
Article 370: 10 facts that you need to know
1. According to the Constitution of India, Article 370 provides temporary provisions to the state of Jammu and Kashmir, granting it special autonomy.
2. The article says that the provisions of Article 238, which was omitted from the Constitution in 1956 when Indian states were reorganised, shall not apply to the state of Jammu and Kashmir.
3. Dr BR Ambedkar, the principal drafter of the Indian Constitution, had refused to draft Article 370.
4. In 1949, the then Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru had directed Kashmiri leader Sheikh Abdullah to consult Ambedkar (then law minister) to prepare the draft of a suitable article to be included in the Constitution.
5. Article 370 was eventually drafted by Gopalaswami Ayyangar
6. Ayyangar was a minister without portfolio in the first Union Cabinet of India. He was also a former Diwan to Maharajah Hari Singh of Jammu and Kashmir
7. Article 370 is drafted in Amendment of the Constitution section, in Part XXI, under Temporary and Transitional Provisions.
8. The original draft explained "the Government of the State means the person for the time being recognised by the President as the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir acting on the advice of the Council of Ministers for the time being in office under the Maharaja's Proclamation dated the fifth day of March, 1948."
9. On November 15, 1952, it was changed to "the Government of the State means the person for the time being recognised by the President on the recommendation of the Legislative Assembly of the State as the Sadr-i-Riyasat (now Governor) of Jammu and Kashmir, acting on the advice of the Council of Ministers of the State for the time being in office."
10. Under Article 370 the Indian Parliament cannot increase or reduce the borders of the state.
२. जम्मू-कश्मीर राज्य पर संविधान की धारा 356 लागू नहीं होती।
३. राष्ट्रपति के पास राज्य के संविधान को बरख़ास्त करने का अधिकार नहीं है।
४. 1976 का शहरी भूमि क़ानून जम्मू-कश्मीर पर लागू नहीं होता।
५. इसके तहत भारत के दूसरे राज्यों के लोग जम्मू-कश्मीर में ज़मीन नहीं ख़रीद सकते हैं।
६. भारतीय संविधान की धारा 360 जिसमें देश में वित्तीय आपातकाल लगाने का प्रावधान है, वह भी जम्मू-कश्मीर पर लागू नहीं होती।
७. भारतीय संविधान की पाँचवी अनुसूची (अनुसूचित क्षेत्रों और अनुसूचित जन-जातियों के प्रशासन और नियंत्रण से संबंधित) और छठी अनुसूची (जनजाति क्षेत्रों के प्रशासन के विषय मे) जम्मू कश्मीर मे लागु नही होती |
८. जम्मू कश्मीर के हाई कोर्ट को बहुत सीमित शक्तियां प्राप्त वे जम्मू कश्मीर के कोई भी कानून को असम्बैधानिक घोषित नही कर सकती न हि कोई रिट इशू कर सकती है |
९. भारतीय संविधान की भाग 4 जिसमे राज्यों के नीति निर्देशक तत्व है और भाग 4A जिसमे नागरिकों के मूल कर्तव्य बताये गए है वो जम्मू कश्मीर मे लागु नही होता |
१०. जम्मू कश्मीर का अपना अलग संबिधान है |
११. जम्मू कश्मीर की विधानसभा की अनुमति के बिना राज्य के सीमा को परिवर्तित करने वाला कोई भी विधेयक भारत की संसद मे पेश नही किया जा सकता |
१२. पाकिस्तान चले गए लोगों के नागरिकता के इनकार के बारे में भारतीय संविधान के प्रावधान जम्मू कश्मीर के स्थायी निवासियों के लिए लागू नहीं होते जो पहले पाकिस्तान चले गए थे |
१३. जम्मू कश्मीर का अपना अलग झंडा है |
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